We will handle the past perfect form of verbs.
The words for {why} and {how} will be given.
The polite form for {you} will be given.
Some more sounds.
We'll count from 11 to 19.
We start with an experiment: exercises! You can try them on paper and
then check the answers immediatly. Pardon the somewhat crude interface.
Also there will be more in future lessons.
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The polite form for {you} is "u". It is used for both the singular
and plural form. It uses the verb form of "hij"/"zij"/"het", but for "zijn"
usually the "jij" form ("bent") is used. Whether the singular or plural
form is used, must be deduced from the context.
The polite form is used when talking to older people or people higher
in the hierarchy, ie. people who need respect. There may come a moment
when you start using the "jij" or "jullie" form when you get to know people
better.
It is written with a capital "U" when talking to divine and god-like
creatures.
Today's society (especially the youth) is using the polite form less
and less (here talks an old dude :-).
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The regular form of the past perfect form is the STEM followed by "t"
or "d" and prefixed with "ge", ie. geSTEMt or geSTEMd. The "t" or "d" depends
on the "fokschaap" rule from lesson 6.
The "ge" is omitted for verbs of which the STEM starts with one of
the sylables: "ge", "be", "her", "ver" or "ont" (maybe I missed one). So
"geven" isn't one of them, since the stem is "geef" (or "gev" if you want),
so the first sylable is "geef", not "ge".
The "ge" prefix is also handled diferently for compound verbs starting
with a preposition (these will be handled in a later lesson).
Just like in English an auxilary verb is used, this can be either "zijn"
or "hebben". The first one is used when the subject is the direct object
of the sentence (the victim so to speak), the latter is used when the subject
'does' the action. Like in English: {I am struck} and {I have struck},
or {I am killed} and {I have killed}.
In most cases "hebben" is used, and for "zijn" only "zijn" is used.
So (using last "d" or "t" at random):
| 11, elf
(also pronounced as elf) |
eleven |
| 12, twaalf (also pronounced as twaalf) | twelve |
| 13, dertien | thirteen |
| 14, veertien | fourteen |
| 15, vijftien | fifteen |
| 16, zestien | sixteen |
| 17, zeventien | seventeen |
| 18, achttien | eightteen |
| 19, negentien | nineteen |
| beneden | below, beneath, under, downstairs |
| boven | above, over (upwards of), upstairs |
| doen | to do [doe, doet, doen, deed, deden, gedaan] |
| douchen | to take a shower [douch, doucht, douchen, douchte, douchten, gedoucht] |
| gang | passage of a house (and some other uses) [de, (m), gangen] |
| gebeuren | to happen, occur, come about [gebeur, gebeuren, gebeurden, (zijn) gebeurd (no extra "ge")] |
| hal | hall [de hallen] |
| hoe | how |
| huilen | to cry [huil, huilen, huilde, huilden, gehuild] |
| kast | cupboard, wardrobe, chest, cabinet [de, kasten] |
| komen | to come (lotsa other uses, we'll come (no pun intented) to them later) [kom, komen, kwam, kwamen, (zijn) gekomen] |
| lamp | lamp [de, lampen] |
| les | lesson [de, lessen] |
| met | with |
| ontdekken | to discover, find out [ontdek, ontdekken, ontdekten, ontdekt (no extra "ge")] |
| radio | radio [de, (m), radio's] |
| tafel | table [de, tafels] |
| thuis | at home, home |
| tv | tv [de, (v), tv's] |
| u | you (polite form, singular and plural) |
| waarom | why |
| Waarom heb je gehuild? | - Why have you cried? |
| Hoe heb je dat gedaan? | - How have you done that? |
| Wat is er gebeurd? | - What has happened? |
| Ruud, kom je naar beneden? | - Ruud, are you coming downstairs? |
| Waarom bent u in de hal geweest? | - Why have you been in the hall? |
| Ik heb moeder elf boeken gegeven. | - I have given mother eleven books. |
| De hond heeft de kat onder de tafel ontdekt. | - The dog has discovered the cat below the table. |
We walked to the house. Answer 0.
Why are you at home, mother? Answer 30.
De kinderen aten op de bank. Answer 60.
Wij hebben veertien auto's gehad. Answer 90.
Hoe kom ik naar beneden? Answer 120.
Jullie kijken door het raam naar de kat. Answer 150.